An inference engine using forward chaining applies a set of rules and facts to deduce conclusions, searching the rules until it finds one where the IF clause is known to be true. The process of matching new or existing facts against rules is called pattern matching, which forward chaining inference engines perform through various algorithms, such as Linear, Rete, Treat, Leaps, etc.
When a condition is found to be TRUE, the engine executes the THEN clause, which results in new information being added to its dataset. In other words, the engine starts with a number of facts and applies rules to derive all possible conclusions from those facts. This is where the name "forward chaining" comes from — the fact that the inference engine starts with the data and reasons its way forward to the answer, as opposed to backward chaining, which works the other way around.
I am working on a project that should take all the data from file redirect and write them to a new file. Here is what I have:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "node.h"
#include "tree.h"
#define TRUE 0
#define FALSE 1
#define stdin stdin
#define stdout stdout
#define stderr stderr
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int i;
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("result.out", "w"); //create file to write stdin data to.
if(fp == NULL) // file validation
{
printf("Could not open file");
return 0;
}
if(argc == 1) // executes if command line has file redirect.
{
printf("Getting data from file redirect. \n");
fprintf (fp, "%s\n", stdin); //Print arguments from redirect to fp.
}
printf("Completed\n");
return 0;
}
This code will execute fine with no errors, but result.out is empty
The file being redirected only contains words separated by spaces.
I also never know the size of the file being redirected.
I just want to copy the data from the file being redirected to result.out.
HTML5 SVG Fill Animation With CSS3 And Vanilla JavaScript
HTML5 SVG Fill Animation With CSS3 And Vanilla JavaScript
Marina Ferreira
SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics and it is a standard XML-based markup language for vector graphics. It allows you to draw paths, curves, and shapes by determining a set of points in the 2D plane. Moreover, you can add twitch properties on those paths (such as stroke, color, thickness, fill, and more) in order to produce animations.
Since April 2017, CSS Level 3 Fill and Stroke Module allow SVG colors and fill patterns to be set from an external stylesheet, instead of setting attributes on each element. In this tutorial, we will use a simple plain hex color, but both fill and stroke properties also accept patterns, gradients and images as values.
Note: When visiting the Awwwards website, the animated note display can only be viewed with browser width set to 1024px or more.
Each note element consists of a list item: li that holds the circle, the note value, and its label.
The .circle_svg is an SVG element, that wraps two <circle> elements. The first is the path to be filled while the second is the fill that will be animated.
The note is separated into integer and decimals so different font sizes can be applied to them. The label is a simple <span>. So, putting all of this together looks like this:
The cx and cy attributes define the circle’s x-axis and y-axis center point. The r attribute defines its radius.
You have probably noticed the underscore/dash pattern in classes names. That’s BEM, which stands for block, element and modifier. It is a methodology that makes your element naming more structured, organized and semantic.
You must be asking yourself what the labels Transparent, Reasonable, Usable and Exemplary mean. The more acquainted you get with programming, you will realize that writing code is not only about making the application functional, but also assuring that it will be long-term maintainable and scalable. That is only achieved if your code is easy to change.
“The acronym TRUE should help decide if the code you write will be able to accommodate change in the future or not.”
So, next time, ask yourself:
Transparent: Are code changes consequences clear?
Reasonable: Is cost benefit worth it?
Usable: Will I be able to reuse it in unexpected scenarios?
Exemplary: Does it present high quality as an example for future code?
Note: “Practical Object-Oriented Design in Ruby” by Sandi Metz explains TRUE along with other principles and how to achieve those through design patterns. If you haven’t taken some time to study design patterns yet, consider adding this book to your bedtime reading.
CSS
Let’s import the fonts and apply a reset to all items:
The box-sizing: border-box property includes padding and border values into an element’s total width and height, so it’s easier to calculate its dimensions.
By combining the rules display: flex in the body and margin-auto in the .display-container, it’s possible to center the child element both vertically and horizontally. The .display-container element will also be a flex-container; that way, its children will be placed in the same row along the main axis.
The .note-display list item will also be a flex-container. Since there are many children for centering, let’s do it through the justify-content and align-items properties. All flex-items will be centered along the cross and main axis. If you’re not sure what those are, check out the alignment section at “CSS Flexbox Fundamentals Visual Guide.”
Let’s apply a stroke to the circles by setting the rules stroke-width, stroke-opacity and stroke-linecap that altogether style the stroke live ends. Next, let’s add a color to each circle:
In order to position the percent element absolutely, it’s necessary to know absolutely to what. The .circle element should be the reference, so let’s add position: relative to it.
Another way of centering elements is to combine top: 50%, left: 50% and transform: translate(-50%, -50%); which position the element’s center at its parent’s center.
“stroke-dasharray defines the dash-gap pattern in a stroke.”
It can take up to four values:
When it’s set to an only integer (stroke-dasharray: 10), dashes and gaps have the same size;
For two values (stroke-dasharray: 10 5), the first is applied to dashes, second to gaps;
The third and forth forms (stroke-dasharray: 10 5 2 and stroke-dasharray: 10 5 2 3) will generate dashes and gaps in various sizes.
The image to the left shows the property stroke-dasharray being set from 0 to 238px, which is the circle circumference length.
The second image represents the stroke-dashoffset property that offsets the beginning of the dash array. It is also set from 0 to the circle circumference length.
To produce the filling effect, we will set the stroke-dasharray to the circumference length, so that all of its length gets filled with a big dash and no gap. We’ll also offset it by the same value, so it gets “hidden”. Then the stroke-dashoffset will be updated to the corresponding note value, filling the stroke accordingly to the transition duration.
The properties updating will be done in the scripts through CSS Variables. Let’s declare the variables and set the properties:
In order to set the initial value and update the variables, let’s start by selecting all .note-display elements with document.querySelectorAll. The transitionDuration will be set to 900 milliseconds.
Then, we iterate through the displays array, select its .circle__progress.circle__progress--fill and extract the r attribute set in the HTML to calculate the circumference length. With that, we can set the initial --dasharray and --dashoffset values.
The animation will occur when the --dashoffset variable gets updated by a 100ms setTimeout:
To get the transition starting from the top, the .circle__svg element has to be rotated:
.circle__svg {
transform: rotate(-90deg);
}
Now, let’s calculate the dashoffset value — relative to the note. The note value will be inserted to each li item through the data-* attribute. The * can be switched for any name that suits your needs and it can then, be retrieved in JavaScript through the element’s dataset: element.dataset.*.
Note: You can read more about the data-* attribute on MDN Web Docs.
The parseFloat method will convert the string returned by display.dataset.note into a floating point number. The offset represents the percentage missing to reach the maximum score. So, for a 7.50 note, we would have (10 - 7.50) / 10 = 0.25, which means the circumference length should be offset by 25% of its value:
let note = parseFloat(display.dataset.note);
let offset = circumference * (10 - note) / 10;
There is still the note transition from 0.00 to the note value to be built. The first thing to do is to separate the integer and decimal values. We will use the string method split() (it takes an argument that determines where the string will be broken and returns an array containing both broken strings). Those will be converted to numbers and passed as arguments to the increaseNumber() function, along with the display element and a flag indicating if its an integer or a decimal.
In the increaseNumber() function, we select either the .percent__int or .percent__dec element, depending on the className, and also in case the output should contain a decimal point or not. We’ve set our transitionDuration to 900ms. Now, to animate a number from 0 to 7, for example, the duration has to be divided by the note 900 / 7 = 128.57ms. The result represents how long each increase iteration will take. This means our setInterval will fire every 128.57ms.
With those variables set, let’s define the setInterval. The counter variable will be appended to the element as text and increased on each iteration:
function increaseNumber(display, number, className) {
let element = display.querySelector(`.percent__${className}`),
decPoint = className === 'int' ? '.' : '',
interval = transitionDuration / number,
counter = 0;
let increaseInterval = setInterval(() => {
element.textContent = counter + decPoint;
counter++;
}, interval);
}
Cool! It does increase the values, but it kind of does it forever. We need to clear the setInterval when the notes achieve the value we want. That is done with clearInterval function:
function increaseNumber(display, number, className) {
let element = display.querySelector(`.percent__${className}`),
decPoint = className === 'int' ? '.' : '',
interval = transitionDuration / number,
counter = 0;
let increaseInterval = setInterval(() => {
+ if (counter === number) { window.clearInterval(increaseInterval); }
element.textContent = counter + decPoint;
counter++;
}, interval);
}
Now the number is updated up to the note value and cleared with clearInterval() function.
That’s pretty much it for this tutorial. I hope you enjoyed it!
If you feel like building something a bit more interactive, check out my Memory Game Tutorial created with Vanilla JavaScript. It covers basic HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript concepts such as positioning, perspective, transitions, Flexbox, event handling, timeouts and ternaries.