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Oracle database optimizer analyzes your SQL statement, if there is a partitioned table and "appropriate" where condition, it decides which partitions will be ignored and which partitions will be accessed and read. This is called partition pruning. It is an essential performance feature for data warehouses.
As you can guess, when you prune some of the partitions, the data you need to read from disks is reduced considerably, which leads to shorter processing times.
Partitioning a domain is a useful way to achieve scalability of a system. The idea behind partitioning is that instead of putting everything in a single place, you divide the dataset or the work into multiple places based on some attribute, which is usually the identifier of the entity.
The division allows us to spread the storage and/or the processing to multiple machines or containers, and allows the horizontal scaling we were seeking to get.